关于男性乳腺癌的基本信息
男性乳腺癌是指在乳腺组织中形成恶性（癌）细胞的一种疾病。
男性可能会患乳腺癌。任何年龄的男性都有可能患乳腺癌，但通常发生在60至70岁。男性乳腺癌占所有乳腺癌病例的比例不到1%。
以下是男性乳腺癌的类型：
小叶原位癌（在乳腺的一叶或者一部分发现异常细胞）有时候会发生在女性身上，而在男性身上没有发生过。
男性乳房的解剖图。乳头和乳晕在乳房外侧。也显示了乳腺内部的淋巴结、脂肪组织、导管和其他部分。
乳腺癌家族史和其他因素会增加男性患乳腺癌的风险。
任何能够增加患病几率的因素都能成为称之为风险因素，存在风险因素并不意味着你将会患有癌症；而没有风险因素也不意味着你不会患有癌症。所以，当您认为自己有患癌症的危险时，就应该咨询您的医生，男性乳腺癌的风险因素可能包括以下因素：
男性乳腺癌有时会由遗传性的基因突变（改变）所造成。
细胞中的基因携带着从父母那里获得的遗传信息。遗传性乳腺癌约占所有乳腺癌的5%至10%。一些突变基因与乳腺癌相关，如BRCA2，其在某些种族中更为常见。携带与乳腺癌相关突变基因的男性患乳腺癌的风险会增加。
一些检测是可以发现（找到）突变基因。具有高患癌风险的家庭成员，有时会进行这些基因检测。关于更多信息，请参阅以下的PDQ摘要：
患有乳腺癌的男性通常有可触及的肿块。
肿块和其他症状可能是由男性乳腺癌或其他疾病引起的。如果您有下列情况，请咨询您的医生：
用于发现和诊断男性乳腺癌的检测方法。
以下是可能会用到的检测和程序：
一旦发现癌细胞，就会进行癌细胞的检测研究。
知道了检测结果，才能设计最好的治疗手段。这些检测可以告诉我们这些信息：
检测包括有以下几种：
男性和女性的乳腺癌生存率是差不多的。
当患乳腺癌的男性和女性处于同一诊断分期的时候，两者的存活率是相似的。然而，男性乳腺癌的诊断分期常常更晚，这样会导致他们被治愈的可能性降低。
有一些因素会影响预后（恢复几率）和治疗方案的选择。
预后（恢复几率）和治疗方案的选择取决于以下几个方面：
General Information about Male Breast Cancer
Male breast cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the breast.
Breast cancer may occur in men. Breast cancer may occur in men at any age, but it usually occurs in men between 60 and 70 years of age. Male breast cancer makes up less than 1% of all cases of breast cancer.
The following types of breast cancer are found in men:
Lobular carcinoma in situ (abnormal cells found in one of the lobes or sections of the breast), which sometimes occurs in women, has not been seen in men.
Anatomy of the male breast. The nipple and areola are shown on the outside of the breast. The lymph nodes, fatty tissue, ducts, and other parts of the inside of the breast are also shown.
A family history of breast cancer and other factors can increase a man's risk of breast cancer.
Anything that increases your risk of getting a disease is called a risk factor. Having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer; not having risk factors doesn’t mean that you will not get cancer. Talk with your doctor if you think you may be at risk. Risk factors for breast cancer in men may include the following:
Male breast cancer is sometimes caused by inherited gene mutations (changes).
The genes in cells carry the hereditary information that is received from a person’s parents. Hereditary breast cancer makes up about 5% to 10% of all breast cancer. Some mutated genes related to breast cancer, such as BRCA2, are more common in certain ethnic groups. Men who have a mutated gene related to breast cancer have an increased risk of this disease.
There are tests that can detect (find) mutated genes. These genetic tests are sometimes done for members of families with a high risk of cancer. See the following PDQ summaries for more information:
Men with breast cancer usually have lumps that can be felt.
Lumps and other signs may be caused by male breast cancer or by other conditions. Check with your doctor if you have any of the following:
Tests that examine the breasts are used to detect (find) and diagnose breast cancer in men.
The following tests and procedures may be used:
If cancer is found, tests are done to study the cancer cells.
Decisions about the best treatment are based on the results of these tests. The tests give information about:
Tests include the following:
Survival for men with breast cancer is similar to survival for women with breast cancer.
Survival for men with breast cancer is similar to that for women with breast cancer when their stage at diagnosis is the same. Breast cancer in men, however, is often diagnosed at a later stage. Cancer found at a later stage may be less likely to be cured.
Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.
The prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options depend on the following:
男性乳腺癌的分期
在乳腺癌被确诊后，会进行一系列的检查，判断癌细胞是在乳腺内扩散还是已经扩散到身体其他部位了。
在乳腺癌被确诊后，会进行一系列的检查，判断癌细胞是在乳腺内扩散还是已经扩散到身体其他部位了。这个过程称为分期。在这个过程中获取信息来确定癌症所处的阶段。这是决定治疗方案的重要依据。男性乳腺癌和女性乳腺癌的分期是一致的，而癌细胞从乳腺到淋巴结和身体其他部位的扩散也是相似的。
以下是用于分期的检测和程序：
癌症在体内扩散有三种方式。
癌症可通过组织、淋巴系统和血液扩散：
癌可从起源处扩散至身体其他部位。
当癌扩散至身体的另一部位时，称之为转移。癌细胞从起源（原发癌）处脱离并通过淋巴系统或血液移动。
转移瘤和原发性肿瘤是同一类型的癌症。例如，如果乳腺癌扩散到骨骼中，那么骨骼中的癌细胞实际上就是乳腺癌细胞。这种疾病是转移性乳腺癌，并不是骨癌。
许多癌症死亡是由于癌从最初的肿瘤转移到其他组织和器官而造成的。这叫做转移癌。以下动画演示了癌细胞从其起源处转移至身体其他部位的方式。
在乳腺癌中，分期取决于原发肿瘤的大小和位置、癌细胞向邻近淋巴结或身体其他部位的扩散情况、肿瘤分级以及是否出现某些生物标志物。
为了规划最佳治疗方案并了解您的预后，了解乳腺癌的分期很重要。
乳腺癌分3种类型：
TNM系统用于描述原发性肿瘤的大小以及肿瘤向邻近淋巴结或身体其他部位的扩散。
对于乳腺癌，TNM系统描述肿瘤如下：
肿瘤(T) 肿瘤的大小和位置
肿瘤大小通常以毫米或厘米为单位。可以用mm表示肿瘤大小的常用项目包括：尖铅笔尖（1 mm）、新的蜡笔尖（2 mm）、铅笔式橡皮擦（5 mm）、豌豆（10 mm）、花生（20 mm）和石灰石（50 mm）。
淋巴结（N）。癌细胞扩散的淋巴结的大小和位置。
当淋巴结被手术切除并在显微镜下被病理学家研究时，病理分期被用来描述淋巴结。淋巴结的病理分期描述如下。
或者
癌细胞已经扩散到4到9个腋窝淋巴结，其中至少有一个淋巴结大于2毫米。癌细胞也已经扩散到与原发肿瘤同侧胸骨附近的淋巴结，癌细胞大于0.2毫米，且通过前哨淋巴结活检发现。
当使用乳腺钼靶或超声进行淋巴结检查时，会产生临床分期。淋巴结的临床分期在这里没有描述。
转移（M）。癌症扩散到身体其他部位。
分级系统用来描述乳腺肿瘤生长和扩散的速度。
该分级系统基于癌细胞和组织在显微镜下的外观异常以及癌细胞可能生长和扩散的速度来描述肿瘤。低等级癌细胞看起来更像正常细胞，并且生长和扩散的速度往往比高级癌细胞慢。为了描述癌细胞和组织的异常情况，病理学家将评估以下三个特征：
对于每一个特征，病理学家的评分为1到3分；评分为“1”表示细胞和肿瘤组织看起来最像正常的细胞和组织，评分为“3”表示细胞和组织看起来最不正常。每个特征的分数相加得到的总分在3到9之间。
可能有三个等级：
生物标记物检测是用来确定乳腺癌细胞是否有某些受体。
健康的乳腺细胞，和一些乳腺癌细胞，有附着雌激素和孕激素受体（生物标记物）。这些激素是健康细胞和一些乳腺癌细胞生长和分裂所必需的。为了检查这些生物标记物，在活检或手术过程中会取出含有乳腺癌细胞的组织样本。这些样本在实验室进行测试，以确定乳腺癌细胞是否有雌激素或孕激素受体。
另一种被称为HER2的受体（生物标记物）在所有乳腺癌细胞表面都有发现。HER2受体是乳腺癌细胞生长和分裂所必需的。
对于乳腺癌，生物标志物检测包括以下内容：
有时乳腺癌细胞会被描述为三阴性或三阳性。
重要的是要了解雌激素受体，孕激素受体和HER2受体的状态，以选择最佳的治疗方法。有一些药物可以阻止受体附着在激素雌激素和孕激素受体上，并阻止癌症的发展。可以使用其他药物来阻断乳腺癌细胞表面的HER2受体并阻止癌症的发展。
将TNM系统、分级系统和生物标志物状态结合起来，可以确定乳腺癌的分期。
以下是三个结合TNM系统、分级系统和生物标记物状态的例子，以确定第一次治疗是手术的妇女乳腺癌的病理预后阶段：
如果肿瘤大小为30毫米（T2），没有扩散到附近的淋巴结（N0），没有扩散到身体的远处（M0），并且是：
癌症是ⅡA期。
如果肿瘤大小为53毫米（T3），扩散到4到9个腋窝淋巴结（N2），没有扩散到身体的其他部位（M0），并且是：
肿瘤是 IIIA期。
如果肿瘤大小为65毫米（T3），扩散到3个腋窝淋巴结（N1a），扩散到肺（M1），并且是：
癌症是IV期（转移性乳腺癌）。
咨询你的医生，了解你的乳腺癌是什么阶段，以及如何利用它来为你规划最佳治疗方案。
手术后，你的医生将收到一份病理报告，描述原发肿瘤的大小和位置，癌细胞向附近淋巴结的扩散，肿瘤分级，以及是否存在某些生物标志物。病理报告和其他检测结果用于确定乳腺癌的分期。
你可能会有很多问题。请你的医生解释分期是如何决定治疗癌症的最佳选择，以及是否有适合你的临床试验。
男性乳腺癌的治疗部分取决于疾病的分期。
有关I期、II期、III期和可手术IIIC期乳腺癌的治疗方案，请参阅早期/局部/可手术的男性乳腺癌。
对于在其最初形成的区域附近复发的癌症的治疗选择，请参见局部复发的男性乳腺癌。
关于IV期乳腺癌或在身体其他部位复发的乳腺癌的治疗选择，请参阅男性转移性乳腺癌。
Stages of Male Breast Cancer
After breast cancer has been diagnosed, tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the breast or to other parts of the body.
After breast cancer has been diagnosed, tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the breast or to other parts of the body. This process is called staging. The information gathered from the staging process determines the stage of the disease. It is important to know the stage in order to plan treatment. Breast cancer in men is staged the same as it is in women. The spread of cancer from the breast to lymph nodes and other parts of the body appears to be similar in men and women.
The following tests and procedures may be used in the staging process:
There are three ways that cancer spreads in the body.
Cancer can spread through tissue, the lymph system, and the blood:
Cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body.
When cancer spreads to another part of the body, it is called metastasis. Cancer cells break away from where they began (the primary tumor) and travel through the lymph system or blood.
The metastatic tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor. For example, if breast cancer spreads to the bone, the cancer cells in the bone are actually breast cancer cells. The disease is metastatic breast cancer, not bone cancer.
Many cancer deaths are caused when cancer moves from the original tumor and spreads to other tissues and organs. This is called metastatic cancer. This animation shows how cancer cells travel from the place in the body where they first formed to other parts of the body.
In breast cancer, stage is based on the size and location of the primary tumor, the spread of cancer to nearby lymph nodes or other parts of the body, tumor grade, and whether certain biomarkers are present.
To plan the best treatment and understand your prognosis, it is important to know the breast cancer stage.
There are 3 types of breast cancer stage groups:
The TNM system is used to describe the size of the primary tumor and the spread of cancer to nearby lymph nodes or other parts of the body.
For breast cancer, the TNM system describes the tumor as follows:
Tumor (T). The size and location of the tumor.
Tumor sizes are often measured in millimeters (mm) or centimeters. Common items that can be used to show tumor size in mm include: a sharp pencil point (1 mm), a new crayon point (2 mm), a pencil-top eraser (5 mm), a pea (10 mm), a peanut (20 mm), and a lime (50 mm).
Lymph Node (N). The size and location of lymph nodes where cancer has spread.
When the lymph nodes are removed by surgery and studied under a microscope by a pathologist, pathologic staging is used to describe the lymph nodes. The pathologic staging of lymph nodes is described below.
or
cancer has spread to 4 to 9 axillary lymph nodes and cancer in at least one of the lymph nodes is larger than 2 millimeters. Cancer has also spread to lymph nodes near the breastbone on the same side of the body as the primary tumor, and the cancer is larger than 0.2 millimeters and is found by sentinel lymph node biopsy.
When the lymph nodes are checked using mammography or ultrasound, it is called clinical staging. The clinical staging of lymph nodes is not described here.
Metastasis (M). The spread of cancer to other parts of the body.
The grading system is used to describe how quickly a breast tumor is likely to grow and spread.
The grading system describes a tumor based on how abnormal the cancer cells and tissue look under a microscope and how quickly the cancer cells are likely to grow and spread. Low-grade cancer cells look more like normal cells and tend to grow and spread more slowly than high-grade cancer cells. To describe how abnormal the cancer cells and tissue are, the pathologist will assess the following three features:
For each feature, the pathologist assigns a score of 1 to 3; a score of “1” means the cells and tumor tissue look the most like normal cells and tissue, and a score of “3” means the cells and tissue look the most abnormal. The scores for each feature are added together to get a total score between 3 and 9.
Three grades are possible:
Biomarker testing is used to find out whether breast cancer cells have certain receptors.
Healthy breast cells, and some breast cancer cells, have receptors (biomarkers) that attach to the hormones estrogen and progesterone. These hormones are needed for healthy cells, and some breast cancer cells, to grow and divide. To check for these biomarkers, samples of tissue containing breast cancer cells are removed during a biopsy or surgery. The samples are tested in a laboratory to see whether the breast cancer cells have estrogen or progesterone receptors.
Another type of receptor (biomarker) that is found on the surface of all breast cancer cells is called HER2. HER2 receptors are needed for the breast cancer cells to grow and divide.
For breast cancer, biomarker testing includes the following:
Sometimes the breast cancer cells will be described as triple negative or triple positive.
It is important to know the estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2 receptor status to choose the best treatment. There are drugs that can stop the receptors from attaching to the hormones estrogen and progesterone and stop the cancer from growing. Other drugs may be used to block the HER2 receptors on the surface of the breast cancer cells and stop the cancer from growing.
The TNM system, the grading system, and biomarker status are combined to find out the breast cancer stage.
Here are 3 examples that combine the TNM system, the grading system, and the biomarker status to find out the Pathological Prognostic breast cancer stage for a woman whose first treatment was surgery:
If the tumor size is 30 millimeters (T2), has not spread to nearby lymph nodes (N0), has not spread to distant parts of the body (M0), and is:
The cancer is stage IIA.
If the tumor size is 53 millimeters (T3), has spread to 4 to 9 axillary lymph nodes (N2), has not spread to other parts of the body (M0), and is:
The tumor is stage IIIA.
If the tumor size is 65 millimeters (T3), has spread to 3 axillary lymph nodes (N1a), has spread to the lungs (M1), and is:
The cancer is stage IV.
Talk to your doctor to find out what your breast cancer stage is and how it is used to plan the best treatment for you.
After surgery, your doctor will receive a pathology report that describes the size and location of the primary tumor, the spread of cancer to nearby lymph nodes, tumor grade, and whether certain biomarkers are present. The pathology report and other test results are used to determine your breast cancer stage.
You are likely to have many questions. Ask your doctor to explain how staging is used to decide the best options to treat your cancer and whether there are clinical trials that might be right for you.
The treatment of male breast cancer depends partly on the stage of the disease.
For treatment options for stage I, stage II, stage IIIA, and operable stage IIIC breast cancer, see Early/Localized/Operable Male Breast Cancer.
For treatment options for cancer that has recurred near the area where it first formed, see Locoregional Recurrent Male Breast Cancer.
For treatment options for stage IV breast cancer or breast cancer that has recurred in other parts of the body, see Metastatic Breast Cancer in Men.
男性炎性乳腺癌。
炎性乳腺癌，是指癌症已经扩散到乳腺部位的皮肤，看上去发红肿胀并伴有发热。这是因为癌细胞阻碍了皮肤中的淋巴血管。乳腺部位的皮肤表面还有可能出现凹凸不平，我们称之为橘皮样病变（像橘子的外表皮一样）。这个时候不可能感受到乳腺中存在的任何肿块。炎性乳腺癌可能是IIIB期、IIIC期或IV期。
Inflammatory Male Breast Cancer
In inflammatory breast cancer, cancer has spread to the skin of the breast and the breast looks red and swollen and feels warm. The redness and warmth occur because the cancer cells block the lymph vessels in the skin. The skin of the breast may also show the dimpled appearance called peau d’orange (like the skin of an orange). There may not be any lumps in the breast that can be felt. Inflammatory breast cancer may be stage IIIB, stage IIIC, or stage IV.
治疗方案概述
对患有乳腺癌的男性有不同类型的治疗方案。
不同类型的治疗手段可用于患有乳腺癌的男性，有一些治疗手段是标准的（当下被使用的治疗手段），有一些治疗手段是处于临床试验测试阶段的。治疗方法临床试验是一种研究手段，旨在帮助改善现有的治疗方法或者为了获取针对癌症患者的新型治疗方法信息。当临床试验表明一项新的治疗方法优于标准治疗方法时，新的治疗方法可能会成为标准治疗方法。
对于一些病人来说，参加临床试验可能是最好的治疗方案选择，当今很多癌症的标准治疗方法都是基于早前的临床试验，参与临床试验的病人可能会得到标准治疗或者成为最早接受标准治疗的病人。
参与临床试验的病人也会有助于未来癌症治疗方法的改善，即使当临床试验没有产生有效的新型治疗方法时，其也经常能回答重要问题和推动研究进展。
有一些临床试验只包括未接受治疗的患者，其他试验是针对未出现好转的癌症患者。也有些临床试验旨在测试防止癌症复发的新方法或减少癌症治疗的副作用。
很多地区在开展临床试验。在NCI网站上有很多正在进行的临床测试信息。选择最佳癌症治疗方法在理论上是涉及病人、其家庭和医疗团队的一个决定。
治疗男性乳腺癌的五种标准疗法。
手术
治疗男性乳腺癌的手术通常是改良根治术（切除乳房、腋窝的多个淋巴结，胸部肌肉膜，有时为部分胸壁肌肉）。
改良根治术。虚线显示的是切除整个乳房和一些淋巴结的位置。部分胸壁肌肉也可能被切除。
保乳手术，一种切除癌但不切除乳房的手术，也可用于一些乳腺癌男性患者，乳房肿瘤切除术用于切除肿瘤（肿块）和小部分周围的正常组织，在手术后会进行放射治疗来杀死任何残留的癌细胞。
保留乳房手术。虚线内是被切除的肿瘤的区域和一些可能被切除的淋巴结的区域。
化疗
化疗是一种癌症治疗方法，使用药物来阻止癌细胞的生长、或者杀死癌细胞、或者阻止癌细胞分裂。当通过口服或静脉注射或肌肉注射时，药物进入血液并能到达全身的癌细胞（全身化疗）。当化疗直接进入脑脊液、器官或腹腔等体腔时，药物主要作用于这些区域的癌细胞（局部化疗）。
化疗的方式取决于癌症治疗的分型和分期。全身化疗用于治疗男性乳腺癌。
关于更多信息，请参阅乳腺癌的批准药物
激素疗法
激素疗法是一种移除激素或阻断激素作用并阻止癌细胞生长的癌症疗法，激素是由身体内的腺体产生的物质并且随着血流循环，一些激素可以造成某些癌的生长，如果测试表明癌细胞位于激素能够接触的地方（受体），那么就可以使用药物、手术或放射治疗来减少激素的产生或阻止激素的运作。
对于雌激素受体和孕激素受体阳性的乳腺癌患者以及转移性乳腺癌(癌细胞已经扩散到身体其他部位)患者，通常使用他莫西芬进行激素治疗。
一些男性转移性乳腺癌患者接受芳香化酶抑制剂的激素治疗。芳香化酶抑制剂通过阻止一种叫芳香化酶的酶将雄激素转化为雌激素来降低体内的雌激素。阿那曲唑、来曲唑和依西美坦属于芳香化酶抑制剂。
使用促黄体生成激素释放激素(LHRH)激动剂的激素治疗可用于一些男性转移性乳腺癌患者。LHRH激动剂会影响脑垂体，而脑垂体控制着睾丸分泌多少睾酮。在服用LHRH激动剂的男性中，脑垂体使睾丸分泌睾酮减少。亮丙瑞林和戈舍瑞林是两种LHRH激动剂。
其他类型的激素治疗包括醋酸甲羟孕酮或抗雌激素治疗，如氟维司群。
关于更多信息，请参阅乳腺癌的批准药物
放射治疗
放射治疗是一种癌症治疗方法，其借助高能x射线或其他类型的辐射来杀死癌细胞或阻止癌细胞生长。放射治疗有两种:
放射治疗的方式取决于癌症的分型和分期。治疗男性乳腺癌采用外放射治疗。
靶向治疗
靶向治疗是一种利用药物或其他物质来识别和攻击特定癌细胞而不伤害正常细胞的治疗方法。单克隆抗体治疗、酪氨酸激酶抑制剂、周期素蛋白依赖激酶抑制剂和哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)抑制剂是治疗男性乳腺癌的靶向治疗类型。
单克隆抗体治疗使用在实验室中制得（来自单一类型的免疫系统细胞）的抗体，这些抗体能够识别癌细胞上的物质或有助于癌细胞生长的正常物质，抗体附着于这些物质并杀死癌细胞，阻断其生长或阻止其扩散。单克隆抗体通过输液进入人体。单克隆抗体可能会被单独使用或携带药物、毒素或放射性物质直接针对癌细胞，单克隆抗体也与化疗一起使用，作为一种辅助治疗（在开展降低癌症复发的手术之后进行的治疗）。
单克隆抗体治疗的类型包括:
酪氨酸激酶抑制剂是靶向治疗药物，阻断肿瘤生长所需的信号。拉帕替尼是一种酪氨酸激酶抑制剂，可用于治疗男性转移性乳腺癌。
周期素依赖激酶抑制剂是一种靶向治疗药物，它可以阻断一种叫做细胞周期蛋白依赖激酶的蛋白质，这种蛋白质会促使癌细胞的生长。 帕博西尼是一种周期素依赖激酶抑制剂，用于治疗男性转移性乳腺癌。
哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)抑制剂可以阻断一种叫做mTOR的蛋白质，该抑制剂可以阻止癌细胞生长，并阻止肿瘤生长所需的新血管的生成。
关于更多信息，请参阅乳腺癌的批准药物
男性乳腺癌的治疗可能会产生副作用
有关癌症治疗的副作用的信息，请参阅我们的副作用页面。
Treatment Option Overview
There are different types of treatment for men with breast cancer.
Different types of treatment are available for men with breast cancer. Some treatments are standard (the currently used treatment), and some are being tested in clinical trials. A treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer. When clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment, the new treatment may become the standard treatment.
For some patients, taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice. Many of today's standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials. Patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment.
Patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future. Even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments, they often answer important questions and help move research forward.
Some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment. Other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better. There are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring (coming back) or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment.
Clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country. Information about clinical trials is available from the NCI website. Choosing the most appropriate cancer treatment is a decision that ideally involves the patient, family, and health care team.
Five types of standard treatment are used to treat men with breast cancer:
Surgery
Surgery for men with breast cancer is usually a modified radical mastectomy (removal of the breast, many of the lymph nodes under the arm, the lining over the chest muscles, and sometimes part of the chest wall muscles).
Modified radical mastectomy. The dotted line shows where the entire breast and some lymph nodes are removed. Part of the chest wall muscle may also be removed.
Breast-conserving surgery, an operation to remove the cancer but not the breast itself, is also used for some men with breast cancer. A lumpectomy is done to remove the tumor (lump) and a small amount of normal tissue around it. Radiation therapy is given after surgery to kill any cancer cells that are left.
Breast-conserving surgery. Dotted lines show the area containing the tumor that is removed and some of the lymph nodes that may be removed.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. When chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle, the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body (systemic chemotherapy). When chemotherapy is placed directly into the cerebrospinal fluid, an organ, or a body cavity such as the abdomen, the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas (regional chemotherapy).
The way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated. Systemic chemotherapy is used to treat breast cancer in men.
See Drugs Approved for Breast Cancer for more information.
Hormone therapy
Hormone therapy is a cancer treatment that removes hormones or blocks their action and stops cancer cells from growing. Hormones are substances made by glands in the body and circulated in the bloodstream. Some hormones can cause certain cancers to grow. If tests show that the cancer cells have places where hormones can attach (receptors), drugs, surgery, or radiation therapy is used to reduce the production of hormones or block them from working.
Hormone therapy with tamoxifen is often given to patients with estrogen-receptor and progesterone-receptor positive breast cancer and to patients with metastatic breast cancer (cancer that has spread to other parts of the body).
Hormone therapy with an aromatase inhibitor is given to some men who have metastatic breast cancer. Aromatase inhibitors decrease the body's estrogen by blocking an enzyme called aromatase from turning androgen into estrogen. Anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane are types of aromatase inhibitors.
Hormone therapy with a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist is given to some men who have metastatic breast cancer. LHRH agonists affect the pituitary gland, which controls how much testosterone is made by the testicles. In men who are taking LHRH agonists, the pituitary gland tells the testicles to make less testosterone. Leuprolide and goserelin are types of LHRH agonists.
Other types of hormone therapy include megestrol acetate or anti-estrogen therapy, such as fulvestrant.
See Drugs Approved for Breast Cancer for more information.
Radiation therapy
Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing. There are two types of radiation therapy:
The way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated. External radiation therapy is used to treat male breast cancer.
Targeted therapy
Targeted therapy is a type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells. Monoclonal antibody therapy, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors are types of targeted therapies used to treat men with breast cancer.
Monoclonal antibody therapy uses antibodies made in the laboratory from a single type of immune system cell. These antibodies can identify substances on cancer cells or normal substances that may help cancer cells grow. The antibodies attach to the substances and kill the cancer cells, block their growth, or keep them from spreading. Monoclonal antibodies are given by infusion. They may be used alone or to carry drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies are also used with chemotherapy as adjuvant therapy (treatment given after surgery to lower the risk that the cancer will come back).
Types of monoclonal antibody therapy include the following:
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors are targeted therapy drugs that block signals needed for tumors to grow. Lapatinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that may be used to treat men with metastatic breast cancer.
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors are targeted therapy drugs that block proteins called cyclin-dependent kinases, which cause the growth of cancer cells. Palbociclib is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor used to treat men with metastatic breast cancer.
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors block a protein called mTOR, which may keep cancer cells from growing and prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow.
See Drugs Approved for Breast Cancer for more information.
Treatment for male breast cancer may cause side effects.
For information about side effects caused by treatment for cancer, see our Side Effects page.
关于男性乳腺癌的治疗方案选择
有关以下列出的治疗方法的信息，请参见治疗选项概述部分。
男性乳腺癌的治疗方法与女性相同。(有关更多信息，请参阅关于乳腺癌治疗（成人）的PDQ摘要。)
早期/局部/可手术的男性乳腺癌
早期、局部或可手术的乳腺癌的治疗可能包括以下内容:
对于诊断为乳腺癌的男性患者的治疗通常是改良根治术。
肿块切除保乳手术后的放疗可能适用于部分男性。
辅助治疗是指在手术后癌细胞已经看不见时的治疗，即使医生在手术过程中切除了所有可见的癌，在手术后病人还是要接受放射治疗、化疗、激素治疗、和/或靶向治疗，来杀死可能存留的任何癌细胞。
这些疗法似乎在增加男性患者的生存率上与女性患者是一样的，病人对激素治疗的反应取决于在肿瘤中是否有激素受体（蛋白质），激素治疗通常被推荐给男性乳腺癌病人，但这种疗法有很多副作用，包括热潮红和阳痿（在性交过程中不能充分勃起）。
局部复发性男性乳腺癌
有关以下列出的治疗方法的信息，请参阅治疗选项概述部分。
对于患有局部复发性疾病(治疗后癌症在局限的区域复发)的男性，治疗方案包括:
男性转移性乳腺癌
转移性乳腺癌(已经扩散到身体远端的癌症)的治疗方案包括:
对于刚被诊断为激素受体阳性的转移性乳腺癌男性患者，如果激素受体状态未知，治疗可能包括:
如果患者的肿瘤是激素受体阳性或激素受体未知，且肿瘤仅扩散到骨骼或软组织，且已接受他莫西芬治疗，治疗可能包括:
对于激素受体呈阳性且对其他治疗没有反应的转移性乳腺癌患者，可选择包括靶向治疗，如:
在HER2/neu阳性的男性转移性乳腺癌患者中，治疗可能包括:
对于转移性乳腺癌男性患者，其激素受体阴性、对激素治疗没有反应、已扩散到其他器官或已引起症状时，治疗可能包括:
转移性乳腺癌的其他治疗选择包括:
Treatment Options for Male Breast Cancer
For information about the treatments listed below, see the Treatment Option Overview section.
Breast cancer in men is treated the same as breast cancer in women. (See the PDQ summary on Breast Cancer Treatment (Adult) for more information.)
Early/Localized/Operable Male Breast Cancer
Treatment of early, localized, or operable breast cancer may include the following:
Treatment for men diagnosed with breast cancer is usually modified radical mastectomy.
Breast-conserving surgery with lumpectomy followed by radiation therapy may be used for some men.
Therapy given after an operation when cancer cells can no longer be seen is called adjuvant therapy. Even if the doctor removes all the cancer that can be seen at the time of the operation, the patient may be given radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and/or targeted therapy after surgery, to try to kill any cancer cells that may be left.
These treatments appear to increase survival in men as they do in women. The patient’s response to hormone therapy depends on whether there are hormone receptors (proteins) in the tumor. Most breast cancers in men have these receptors. Hormone therapy is usually recommended for male breast cancer patients, but it can have many side effects, including hot flashes and impotence (the inability to have an erection adequate for sexual intercourse).
Locoregional Recurrent Male Breast Cancer
For information about the treatments listed below, see the Treatment Option Overview section.
For men with locally recurrent disease (cancer that has come back in a limited area after treatment), treatment options include:
Metastatic Breast Cancer in Men
Treatment options for metastatic breast cancer (cancer that has spread to distant parts of the body) may include the following:
In men who have just been diagnosed with metastatic breast cancer that is hormone receptor positive or if the hormone receptor status is not known, treatment may include:
In men whose tumors are hormone receptor positive or hormone receptor unknown, with spread to the bone or soft tissue only, and who have been treated with tamoxifen, treatment may include:
In men with metastatic breast cancer that is hormone receptor positive and has not responded to other treatments, options may include targeted therapy such as:
In men with metastatic breast cancer that is HER2/neu positive, treatment may include:
In men with metastatic breast cancer that is hormone receptor negative, has not responded to hormone therapy, has spread to other organs or has caused symptoms, treatment may include:
Other treatment options for metastatic breast cancer include:
以了解更多关于男性乳腺癌的信息
关于更多源自国家癌症研究所的与男性乳腺癌相关的信息，请参阅以下内容：
关于源自国家癌症研究所的基本癌症信息和其他资源，请参阅以下内容：
To Learn More About Male Breast Cancer
For more information from the National Cancer Institute about male breast cancer, see the following:
For general cancer information and other resources from the National Cancer Institute, see the following:
About This PDQ Summary
About PDQ
Physician Data Query (PDQ) is the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) comprehensive cancer information database. The PDQ database contains summaries of the latest published information on cancer prevention, detection, genetics, treatment, supportive care, and complementary and alternative medicine. Most summaries come in two versions. The health professional versions have detailed information written in technical language. The patient versions are written in easy-to-understand, nontechnical language. Both versions have cancer information that is accurate and up to date and most versions are also available in Spanish.
PDQ is a service of the NCI. The NCI is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). NIH is the federal government’s center of biomedical research. The PDQ summaries are based on an independent review of the medical literature. They are not policy statements of the NCI or the NIH.
Purpose of This Summary
This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about the treatment of male breast cancer. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.
Reviewers and Updates
Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Updated") is the date of the most recent change.
The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board.
Clinical Trial Information
A clinical trial is a study to answer a scientific question, such as whether one treatment is better than another. Trials are based on past studies and what has been learned in the laboratory. Each trial answers certain scientific questions in order to find new and better ways to help cancer patients. During treatment clinical trials, information is collected about the effects of a new treatment and how well it works. If a clinical trial shows that a new treatment is better than one currently being used, the new treatment may become "standard." Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.
Clinical trials can be found online at NCI's website. For more information, call the Cancer Information Service (CIS), NCI's contact center, at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).
Permission to Use This Summary
PDQ is a registered trademark. The content of PDQ documents can be used freely as text. It cannot be identified as an NCI PDQ cancer information summary unless the whole summary is shown and it is updated regularly. However, a user would be allowed to write a sentence such as “NCI’s PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks in the following way: [include excerpt from the summary].”
The best way to cite this PDQ summary is:
PDQ® Adult Treatment Editorial Board. PDQ Male Breast Cancer Treatment. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Updated
Images in this summary are used with permission of the author(s), artist, and/or publisher for use in the PDQ summaries only. If you want to use an image from a PDQ summary and you are not using the whole summary, you must get permission from the owner. It cannot be given by the National Cancer Institute. Information about using the images in this summary, along with many other images related to cancer can be found in Visuals Online. Visuals Online is a collection of more than 3,000 scientific images.
Disclaimer
The information in these summaries should not be used to make decisions about insurance reimbursement. More information on insurance coverage is available on Cancer.gov on the Managing Cancer Care page.
Contact Us
More information about contacting us or receiving help with the Cancer.gov website can be found on our Contact Us for Help page. Questions can also be submitted to Cancer.gov through the website’s E-mail Us.
About This PDQ Summary
About PDQ
Physician Data Query (PDQ) is the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) comprehensive cancer information database. The PDQ database contains summaries of the latest published information on cancer prevention, detection, genetics, treatment, supportive care, and complementary and alternative medicine. Most summaries come in two versions. The health professional versions have detailed information written in technical language. The patient versions are written in easy-to-understand, nontechnical language. Both versions have cancer information that is accurate and up to date and most versions are also available in Spanish.
PDQ is a service of the NCI. The NCI is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). NIH is the federal government’s center of biomedical research. The PDQ summaries are based on an independent review of the medical literature. They are not policy statements of the NCI or the NIH.
Purpose of This Summary
This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about the treatment of male breast cancer. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.
Reviewers and Updates
Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Updated") is the date of the most recent change.
The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board.
Clinical Trial Information
A clinical trial is a study to answer a scientific question, such as whether one treatment is better than another. Trials are based on past studies and what has been learned in the laboratory. Each trial answers certain scientific questions in order to find new and better ways to help cancer patients. During treatment clinical trials, information is collected about the effects of a new treatment and how well it works. If a clinical trial shows that a new treatment is better than one currently being used, the new treatment may become "standard." Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.
Clinical trials can be found online at NCI's website. For more information, call the Cancer Information Service (CIS), NCI's contact center, at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).
Permission to Use This Summary
PDQ is a registered trademark. The content of PDQ documents can be used freely as text. It cannot be identified as an NCI PDQ cancer information summary unless the whole summary is shown and it is updated regularly. However, a user would be allowed to write a sentence such as “NCI’s PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks in the following way: [include excerpt from the summary].”
The best way to cite this PDQ summary is:
PDQ® Adult Treatment Editorial Board. PDQ Male Breast Cancer Treatment. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Updated
Images in this summary are used with permission of the author(s), artist, and/or publisher for use in the PDQ summaries only. If you want to use an image from a PDQ summary and you are not using the whole summary, you must get permission from the owner. It cannot be given by the National Cancer Institute. Information about using the images in this summary, along with many other images related to cancer can be found in Visuals Online. Visuals Online is a collection of more than 3,000 scientific images.
Disclaimer
The information in these summaries should not be used to make decisions about insurance reimbursement. More information on insurance coverage is available on Cancer.gov on the Managing Cancer Care page.
Contact Us
More information about contacting us or receiving help with the Cancer.gov website can be found on our Contact Us for Help page. Questions can also be submitted to Cancer.gov through the website’s E-mail Us.