什么是筛查？
筛查是指在个体出现任何临床症状前进行的癌症相关检查。这有助于发现早期癌症。病变组织或癌症发现的越早，越容易治疗。当个体出现临床症状时，癌细胞可能已经开始扩散。
科学家们正视图更好的了解哪些人更容易患哪些特定种类的癌症。他们也在研究我们的行为以及我们周围的环境是否会导致癌症发生。这些信息能够帮助医生评估哪些人应该接受癌症筛查，接受何种筛查以及多久进行一次检查。
一定记住，如果医生建议你进行癌症筛查，并不代表他或她认为你得了癌症。筛查是在你没有任何癌症症状时进行的。
如果筛查结果异常，你需要进行更多的检查来查明是否患有癌症。这些检查叫做诊断性检查。
What is screening?
Screening is looking for cancer before a person has any symptoms. This can help find cancer at an early stage. When abnormal tissue or cancer is found early, it may be easier to treat. By the time symptoms appear, cancer may have begun to spread.
Scientists are trying to better understand which people are more likely to get certain types of cancer. They also study the things we do and the things around us to see if they cause cancer. This information helps doctors recommend who should be screened for cancer, which screening tests should be used, and how often the tests should be done.
It is important to remember that your doctor does not necessarily think you have cancer if he or she suggests a screening test. Screening tests are given when you have no cancer symptoms.
If a screening test result is abnormal, you may need to have more tests done to find out if you have cancer. These are called diagnostic tests.
肝（肝细胞）癌的基本信息
肝癌是一种肝组织中形成恶性（癌）细胞的疾病。
肝脏是人体最大的器官之一，它有两个叶，位于胸廓内右上腹部。肝脏有许多重要的功能，其中三项是：
肝脏的解剖。肝脏位于上腹部，靠近胃、肠、胆囊和胰腺。肝脏有一个右叶和一个左叶。每个肝叶被分为两部分（未显示）。
请查看PDQ的总结来了解有关肝（肝细胞）癌的更多信息，
与世界其他地区相比，肝癌在美国比较少见。
尽管肝癌在美国并不常见，但其仍是世界范围内第四大常见的癌症。在美国，男性，特别是美籍华人的男性，罹患肝癌的风险更高。
中国是肝癌大国。肝癌是中国第四大常见的癌症，其中男性罹患肝癌的风险更高。
肝炎和肝硬化会增加肝癌的患病风险。
凡能增加患癌几率的因素都叫做危险因素。携带危险因素不代表着就会得癌症；没有危险因素也不意味着不会得癌症。若怀疑自己具有患癌危险因素，应就医咨询。肝癌的危险因素包括：
General Information About Liver (Hepatocellular) Cancer
Liver cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the liver.
The liver is one of the largest organs in the body. It has two lobes and fills the upper right side of the abdomen inside the rib cage. Three of the many important functions of the liver are:
Anatomy of the liver. The liver is in the upper abdomen near the stomach, intestines, gallbladder, and pancreas. The liver has a right lobe and a left lobe. Each lobe is divided into two sections (not shown).
See the following PDQ summaries for more information about liver (hepatocellular) cancer:
Liver cancer is less common in the United States than in other parts of the world.
Liver cancer is uncommon in the United States, but is the fourth most common cancer in the world. In the United States, men, especially Chinese American men, have a greater risk of developing liver cancer.
Having hepatitis or cirrhosis can increase the risk of developing liver cancer.
Anything that increases the chance of getting a disease is called a risk factor. Having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer; not having risk factors doesn't mean that you will not get cancer. People who think they may be at risk should discuss this with their doctor. Risk factors for liver cancer include:
肝（肝细胞）癌筛查
在没有临床症状时，不同检测用于筛查不同类型的癌症。
科学家们研究筛查方法，以找到危害最小和获益最大的检查方法。癌症筛查试验的目的也是为了证实早期检测（在产生症状之前发现癌症）是否有助于延长患者寿命或降低死于癌症的概率。对于某些类型的癌症，如果能在早期发现并治疗，康复的机会更高。
肝癌尚没有标准化或常规的筛查方法。
尽管还没有标准化和常规的肝癌筛查方法，但以下检查正用于或被研究用于肝癌筛查
超声
超声过程中，肝脏会反射高能声波并产生回声。这些回声形成的肝脏图像被称作超声波图。该图可以打印出来后查看。
CT扫描
CT扫描可以获得一系列从不同角度拍摄的肝脏的细节图像。这些图像是由一台连接X射线机的电脑合成的。为了让肝脏显现的更为清晰，可能需要注射或者吞服染色剂。这个操作也叫做CAT扫描或者计算机断层扫描。
肿瘤标志物
肿瘤标志物，也被称为生物标记物，是一种由肿瘤产生的物质，可以在血液、其他体液或组织中检测到。高水平的肿瘤标志物可能意味着患有特定种类的癌症。
甲胎蛋白（AFP）是肝癌检查中使用最广泛的肿瘤标志物。然而，患有其他癌症和特定情况下（包括怀孕、肝炎），也可能导致AFP升高。
能够用于早期探测肝癌的特定肿瘤标志物目前仍在研究中。
可以从NCI官网获得有正在进行的相关临床试验的信息。
肝癌的筛查方法目前正处于临床试验研究阶段。
有关NCI支持的临床试验的信息可在NCI的临床试验搜索网页上找到。其他组织支持的临床试验可在ClinicalTrials.gov网站上找到。
Liver (Hepatocellular) Cancer Screening
Tests are used to screen for different types of cancer when a person does not have symptoms.
Scientists study screening tests to find those with the fewest harms and most benefits. Cancer screening trials also are meant to show whether early detection (finding cancer before it causes symptoms) helps a person live longer or decreases a person's chance of dying from the disease. For some types of cancer, the chance of recovery is better if the disease is found and treated at an early stage.
There is no standard or routine screening test for liver cancer.
Although there are no standard or routine screening tests for liver cancer, the following tests are being used or studied to screen for it:
Ultrasound
Ultrasound is a procedure in which high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) are bounced off the liver and make echoes. The echoes form a picture of the liver called a sonogram. The picture can be printed to be looked at later.
CT scan
CT scan is a procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of the liver, taken from different angles. The pictures are made by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. A dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the liver show up more clearly. This procedure is also called CAT scan or computed tomography.
Tumor markers
Tumor markers, also called biomarkers, are substances made by the tumor that may be found in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues. A high level of a specific tumor marker may mean that a certain type of cancer is present in the body.
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is the most widely used tumor marker for detecting liver cancer. However, other cancers and certain conditions, including pregnancy, hepatitis, and other types of cancer, may also increase AFP levels.
Specific tumor markers that may lead to early detection of liver cancer are being studied.
Information about ongoing clinical trials is available from the NCI website.
Screening tests for liver cancer are being studied in clinical trials.
Information about clinical trials supported by NCI can be found on NCI’s clinical trials search webpage. Clinical trials supported by other organizations can be found on the ClinicalTrials.gov website.
肝（肝细胞）癌筛查的风险
筛查是有风险的。
有关筛查的决策是很困难的。并不是所有的癌症筛查都是有益的，而且大多数还有风险。在进行任何筛查之前，最好事先与医生沟通。了解该检查的风险以及是否已被证实可以降低死于癌症的风险十分重要。
肝癌筛查的风险包括以下：
可能产生假阴性的检查结果。
即便个体患有肝癌，筛查的结果也可能显示正常。如果个体的筛查结果为假阴性（实际患有癌症，而检查结果显示未患癌症），那么即便他出现症状，仍有可能延误求医。
可能产生假阳性结果。
即便个体未患有癌症，筛查结果也可能显示不正常。假阳性结果（实际未患癌症，而检查结果显示患有癌症）可能会导致焦虑，且往往需要进行进一步的诊断性检查，而这些检查同样具有风向，例如肝活检。
诊断肝癌的操作可能引起副作用。
筛查结果异常可能需要进行肝活检来诊断肝癌，肝活检可能会引起以下罕见但严重的副作用：
医生能够对你患肝癌的风险和是否需要癌症筛查作出建议。
Risks of Liver (Hepatocellular) Cancer Screening
Screening tests have risks.
Decisions about screening tests can be difficult. Not all screening tests are helpful and most have risks. Before having any screening test, you may want to discuss the test with your doctor. It is important to know the risks of the test and whether it has been proven to reduce the risk of dying from cancer.
The risks of liver cancer screening include the following:
False-negative test results can occur.
Screening test results may appear to be normal even though liver cancer is present. A person who receives a false-negative test result (one that shows there is no cancer when there really is) may delay seeking medical care even if there are symptoms.
False-positive test results can occur.
Screening test results may appear to be abnormal even though no cancer is present. A false-positive test result (one that shows there is cancer when there really isn't) can cause anxiety and is usually followed by diagnostic tests and procedures, such as a liver biopsy, which also have risks.
Side effects may be caused by procedures to diagnose liver cancer.
Abnormal screening results may lead to a liver biopsy to diagnose liver cancer. Liver biopsy may cause the following rare, but serious, side effects:
Your doctor can advise you about your risk for liver cancer and your need for screening tests.
About This PDQ Summary
About PDQ
Physician Data Query (PDQ) is the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) comprehensive cancer information database. The PDQ database contains summaries of the latest published information on cancer prevention, detection, genetics, treatment, supportive care, and complementary and alternative medicine. Most summaries come in two versions. The health professional versions have detailed information written in technical language. The patient versions are written in easy-to-understand, nontechnical language. Both versions have cancer information that is accurate and up to date and most versions are also available in Spanish.
PDQ is a service of the NCI. The NCI is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). NIH is the federal government’s center of biomedical research. The PDQ summaries are based on an independent review of the medical literature. They are not policy statements of the NCI or the NIH.
Purpose of This Summary
This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about liver (hepatocellular) cancer screening. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.
Reviewers and Updates
Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Updated") is the date of the most recent change.
The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board.
Clinical Trial Information
A clinical trial is a study to answer a scientific question, such as whether one treatment is better than another. Trials are based on past studies and what has been learned in the laboratory. Each trial answers certain scientific questions in order to find new and better ways to help cancer patients. During treatment clinical trials, information is collected about the effects of a new treatment and how well it works. If a clinical trial shows that a new treatment is better than one currently being used, the new treatment may become "standard." Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.
Clinical trials can be found online at NCI's website. For more information, call the Cancer Information Service (CIS), NCI's contact center, at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).
Permission to Use This Summary
PDQ is a registered trademark. The content of PDQ documents can be used freely as text. It cannot be identified as an NCI PDQ cancer information summary unless the whole summary is shown and it is updated regularly. However, a user would be allowed to write a sentence such as “NCI’s PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks in the following way: [include excerpt from the summary].”
The best way to cite this PDQ summary is:
PDQ® Screening and Prevention Editorial Board. PDQ Liver (Hepatocellular) Cancer Screening. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Updated
Images in this summary are used with permission of the author(s), artist, and/or publisher for use in the PDQ summaries only. If you want to use an image from a PDQ summary and you are not using the whole summary, you must get permission from the owner. It cannot be given by the National Cancer Institute. Information about using the images in this summary, along with many other images related to cancer can be found in Visuals Online. Visuals Online is a collection of more than 3,000 scientific images.
Disclaimer
The information in these summaries should not be used to make decisions about insurance reimbursement. More information on insurance coverage is available on Cancer.gov on the Managing Cancer Care page.
Contact Us
More information about contacting us or receiving help with the Cancer.gov website can be found on our Contact Us for Help page. Questions can also be submitted to Cancer.gov through the website’s E-mail Us.
About This PDQ Summary
About PDQ
Physician Data Query (PDQ) is the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) comprehensive cancer information database. The PDQ database contains summaries of the latest published information on cancer prevention, detection, genetics, treatment, supportive care, and complementary and alternative medicine. Most summaries come in two versions. The health professional versions have detailed information written in technical language. The patient versions are written in easy-to-understand, nontechnical language. Both versions have cancer information that is accurate and up to date and most versions are also available in Spanish.
PDQ is a service of the NCI. The NCI is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). NIH is the federal government’s center of biomedical research. The PDQ summaries are based on an independent review of the medical literature. They are not policy statements of the NCI or the NIH.
Purpose of This Summary
This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about liver (hepatocellular) cancer screening. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.
Reviewers and Updates
Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Updated") is the date of the most recent change.
The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the PDQ Screening and Prevention Editorial Board.
Clinical Trial Information
A clinical trial is a study to answer a scientific question, such as whether one treatment is better than another. Trials are based on past studies and what has been learned in the laboratory. Each trial answers certain scientific questions in order to find new and better ways to help cancer patients. During treatment clinical trials, information is collected about the effects of a new treatment and how well it works. If a clinical trial shows that a new treatment is better than one currently being used, the new treatment may become "standard." Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.
Clinical trials can be found online at NCI's website. For more information, call the Cancer Information Service (CIS), NCI's contact center, at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).
Permission to Use This Summary
PDQ is a registered trademark. The content of PDQ documents can be used freely as text. It cannot be identified as an NCI PDQ cancer information summary unless the whole summary is shown and it is updated regularly. However, a user would be allowed to write a sentence such as “NCI’s PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks in the following way: [include excerpt from the summary].”
The best way to cite this PDQ summary is:
PDQ® Screening and Prevention Editorial Board. PDQ Liver (Hepatocellular) Cancer Screening. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Updated
Images in this summary are used with permission of the author(s), artist, and/or publisher for use in the PDQ summaries only. If you want to use an image from a PDQ summary and you are not using the whole summary, you must get permission from the owner. It cannot be given by the National Cancer Institute. Information about using the images in this summary, along with many other images related to cancer can be found in Visuals Online. Visuals Online is a collection of more than 3,000 scientific images.
Disclaimer
The information in these summaries should not be used to make decisions about insurance reimbursement. More information on insurance coverage is available on Cancer.gov on the Managing Cancer Care page.
Contact Us
More information about contacting us or receiving help with the Cancer.gov website can be found on our Contact Us for Help page. Questions can also be submitted to Cancer.gov through the website’s E-mail Us.