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成人原发性肝癌的治疗(PDQ®)

成人原发性肝癌的一般信息

成人原发性肝癌是一种在肝脏组织中形成恶性（癌）细胞的疾病。

肝脏是体内最大的器官之一。它有两个叶，位于右上腹肋骨内侧。肝脏的三个重要功能是：

  • 过滤血液中的有害物质，使它们通过粪便和尿液排出体外。
  • 生成胆汁以帮助消化来自食物的脂肪。
  • 储存糖原（糖），满足机体能量需求。
    • 肝脏的解剖。肝脏位于上腹部，邻近胃、肠、胆囊和胰腺。肝脏分为右叶和左叶。每个肝叶又分为两个部分（未显示）。

    成人原发性肝癌分为两种类型。

    这两种成人原发性肝癌是：

  • 肝细胞癌。
  • 胆管细胞癌（胆管癌）。（更多信息请参阅关于胆管癌的PDQ总结。）

    • 最常见的成人原发性肝癌类型是肝细胞癌。此类型肝癌在全球恶性肿瘤相关死亡原因中居第三位。

    此文为原发性肝癌治疗的总结（起始于肝脏的癌症）。此总结不包括原发于其他部位并扩散到肝脏的恶性肿瘤的治疗。

    成人和儿童均可发生原发性肝癌。然而，儿童肝癌的治疗方案和成人不同。（更多信息可参见关于儿童肝癌治疗的的PDQ总结）

    患有肝炎或者肝硬化可以影响成人原发性肝癌的风险。

    任何可增加疾病发生几率的因素均称为危险因素。有危险因素并不意味着一定患癌；而没有危险因素也不意味着一定不会患。如果认为自己有患肝癌的危险，请咨询你的医生。

    肝癌的危险因素主要包括：

  • 感染乙型或者丙型肝炎。乙肝和丙肝的同时感染可使肝癌的发生危险更高。
  • 患有肝硬化。
  • 酗酒。酗酒合并乙型肝炎感染可使肝癌的危险更高。
  • 食用被黄曲霉素（在储存不当情况下，谷物或坚果等食物上生长的一种真菌产生的毒素）污染的食物。
  • 患非酒精性脂肪性肝炎（NASH），这是一种脂肪在肝脏堆积并可进展至肝脏炎症和肝细胞损伤的疾病。 
  • 使用烟草，例如吸烟。
  • 患某些可损伤肝脏的遗传病或罕见病，包括以下：
  • 遗传性血色素沉着症，一种机体储存超过自身所需铁量的遗传疾病。多余的铁大多数储存在肝脏、心脏、胰腺、皮肤和关节中。
  • α-1抗胰蛋白酶缺乏综合征，一种导致肝脏或者肺病变的遗传疾病。
  • 糖原贮积病，机体糖原的储存和利用发生障碍的一种遗传疾病，糖原是葡萄糖（糖）的一种形式。
  • 迟发性皮肤卟啉症，一种可累及皮肤，并可导致被太阳照射过的身体部位发生疼痛性水疱的罕见病，比如手、手臂和脸。也可出现肝脏问题。
  • Wilson病，一种使机体储存超过自身所需铜的罕见遗传病。多余的铜储存在肝脏、脑、眼、和其他器官中。

    • 年龄是多数恶性肿瘤的主要危险因素。随着年龄的增长，患癌症的几率也会增加。

    成人原发性肝癌的体征和症状包括右侧的肿块或疼痛。

    上诉或其他的体征和症状可以由成人原发性肝癌导致，也可由其他疾病导致。如果出现以下任何一种情况，请咨询医生：

  • 右侧胸廓下方出现硬性肿块。
  • 右上腹部不适感。
  • 腹部肿胀。
  • 右肩胛骨附近或背部疼痛。
  • 黄疸（皮肤和眼白发黄）。
  • 易发淤伤或出血。
  • 异常的疲劳或虚弱。
  • 恶心和呕吐。
  • 食欲不振或少量进食即出现饱腹感。
  • 不明原因的体重减轻。
  • 面色苍白，陶土样便和尿色加深。
  • 发热。

    • 肝脏及血液的检查可用于发现（找到）和诊断成人原发性肝癌。

    可采用以下检查和过程：

  • 体检和病史：对一般身体状况的体检，包括疾病体征检查，例如肿块或任何其他看似异常的情况。患者的既往健康习惯，既往病史和治疗史。
  • 血清肿瘤标志物检测：对体内器官、组织、或肿瘤细胞释放入血液的某些特定物质含量进行血液样本检测。血液中某些特定物质水平的增高可与特定类型的恶性肿瘤相关。这些特定物质被称为肿瘤标记物。血液中甲胎蛋白（AFP）水平的增高可能是肝癌的征兆。其他癌症和某些非癌性疾病也可能导致AFP水平增高，包括肝硬化和肝炎。即使是肝癌，AFP水平有时也是正常的。
  • 肝功能检查：一项用于检测肝脏释放入血液的某些特定物质数量的血液样本检测项目。特定物质高于正常数量可能是肝癌的标志。
  • CT扫描：一种从不同角度对腹部等体内部位生成一系列详细图像的检查。这些图像是由与X光机相连的电脑生成的。一种染色剂可以被静脉注射或者口服，以帮助器官或组织显影更清晰。这项检查还被称为计算机断层扫描、计算机化断层显象或者计算机轴向断层扫描。可在静脉注射染色剂后分三个不同时间段进行拍摄，以得到腹部肝脏的最好图片。这被称为三期CT。螺旋CT可利用X光机以螺旋形轨迹进行检查，可以生成一系列非常详尽的体内区域图片。
  • 磁共振成像：一种利用电磁、无线电波、和电脑以生成肝脏等体内某一区域一系列详细图像的检查。这项检查还被称为核磁共振成像（MRI）。静脉注射染色剂可以使肝脏内或者肝脏周围的血管图像更清晰。这项检查被称为MRA（磁共振血管成像）。可在静脉注射染色剂后分三个不同时间段进行拍摄，以生成肝内异常区域的最佳图像。这种检查被称为三期MRI。
  • 超声波检查：一种使高能声波(超声波)被体内组织或器官反射并产生回声的检查。回声形成机体组织的图像，称为声波图。这些图像可以打印出来以便后期查看。
  • 活检：切除细胞或组织用于病理学家在显微镜下观察是否存在癌症特征。细胞或组织样本取样包括以下方式：
  • 细针穿刺活检 ：用细针进行细胞、组织、液体的取样。
  • 芯针活检：用稍宽的针进行细胞或组织的取样。
  • 腹腔镜检查 : 用于探查腹部内器官疾病的一种手术方法。在腹壁上做小的切口，在其中一个切口置入腹腔镜（一种细小、带光源的管状体）。另一个设备从同一个或者另一个切口处置入用于组织取样。

    • 组织活检并不是成人原发性肝癌的必要检查项目。

    某些因素可影响肝癌的预后(康复的机会)和治疗方案的选择。

    预后(康复的机会)及治疗方案的选择取决于以下几点:

  • 癌症分期(肿瘤的大小，肿瘤是局限性还是弥漫性,或是否已经扩散到身体的其他部位)。
  • 肝功能是否良好。
  • 病人的一般健康状况，包括是否有肝硬化。
    • Adult Primary Liver Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)

    General Information About Adult Primary Liver Cancer

    Adult primary liver cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the liver.

    The liver is one of the largest organs in the body. It has two lobes and fills the upper right side of the abdomen inside the rib cage. Three of the many important functions of the liver are:

  • To filter harmful substances from the blood so they can be passed from the body in stools and urine.
  • To make bile to help digest fat that comes from food.
  • To store glycogen (sugar), which the body uses for energy.
    • Anatomy of the liver. The liver is in the upper abdomen near the stomach, intestines, gallbladder, and pancreas. The liver has a right lobe and a left lobe. Each lobe is divided into two sections (not shown).

    There are two types of adult primary liver cancer.

    The two types of adult primary liver cancer are:

  • Hepatocellular carcinoma.
  • Cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer). (See the PDQ summary on Bile Duct Cancer (Cholangiocarcinoma) Treatment for more information.)

    • The most common type of adult primary liver cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma. This type of liver cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide.

    This summary is about the treatment of primary liver cancer (cancer that begins in the liver). Treatment of cancer that begins in other parts of the body and spreads to the liver is not covered in this summary.

    Primary liver cancer can occur in both adults and children. However, treatment for children is different than treatment for adults. (See the PDQ summary on Childhood Liver Cancer Treatment for more information.)

    Having hepatitis or cirrhosis can affect the risk of adult primary liver cancer.

    Anything that increases your chance of getting a disease is called a risk factor. Having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer; not having risk factors doesn't mean that you will not get cancer. Talk to your doctor if you think you may be at risk for liver cancer.

    Risk factors for liver cancer include the following:

  • Having hepatitis B or hepatitis C infection. Having both hepatitis B and hepatitis C increases the risk even more.
  • Having cirrhosis.
  • Heavy alcohol use. Heavy alcohol use and having hepatitis B infection increases the risk even more.
  • Eating foods tainted with aflatoxin (poison from a fungus that can grow on foods, such as grains and nuts, that have not been stored properly).
  • Having nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a condition in which fat builds up in the liver and may progress to inflammation of the liver and liver cell damage.
  • Using tobacco, such as cigarette smoking.
  • Having certain inherited or rare disorders that damage the liver, including the following:
  • Hereditary hemochromatosis, an inherited disorder in which the body stores more iron than it needs. The extra iron is mostly stored in the liver, heart, pancreas, skin, and joints.
  • Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, an inherited disorder that can cause liver and lung disease.
  • Glycogen storage disease, an inherited disorder in which there are problems with how a form of glucose (sugar) called glycogen is stored and used in the body.
  • Porphyria cutanea tarda, a rare disorder that affects the skin and causes painful blisters on parts of the body that are exposed to the sun, such as the hands, arms, and face. Liver problems can also occur.
  • Wilson disease, a rare inherited disorder in which the body stores more copper than it needs. The extra copper is stored in the liver, brain, eyes, and other organs.

    • Older age is the main risk factor for most cancers. The chance of getting cancer increases as you get older.

    Signs and symptoms of adult primary liver cancer include a lump or pain on the right side.

    These and other signs and symptoms may be caused by adult primary liver cancer or by other conditions. Check with your doctor if you have any of the following:

  • A hard lump on the right side just below the rib cage.
  • Discomfort in the upper abdomen on the right side.
  • A swollen abdomen.
  • Pain near the right shoulder blade or in the back.
  • Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes).
  • Easy bruising or bleeding.
  • Unusual tiredness or weakness.
  • Nausea and vomiting.
  • Loss of appetite or feelings of fullness after eating a small meal.
  • Weight loss for no known reason.
  • Pale, chalky bowel movements and dark urine.
  • Fever.

    • Tests that examine the liver and the blood are used to detect (find) and diagnose adult primary liver cancer.

    The following tests and procedures may be used:

  • Physical exam and history : An exam of the body to check general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. A history of the patient’s health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken.
  • Serum tumor marker test : A procedure in which a sample of blood is examined to measure the amounts of certain substances released into the blood by organs, tissues, or tumor cells in the body. Certain substances are linked to specific types of cancer when found in increased levels in the blood. These are called tumor markers. An increased level of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in the blood may be a sign of liver cancer. Other cancers and certain noncancerous conditions, including cirrhosis and hepatitis, may also increase AFP levels. Sometimes the AFP level is normal even when there is liver cancer.
  • Liver function tests : A procedure in which a blood sample is checked to measure the amounts of certain substances released into the blood by the liver. A higher than normal amount of a substance can be a sign of liver cancer.
  • CT scan(CAT scan): A procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, such as the abdomen, taken from different angles. The pictures are made by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. A dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly. This procedure is also called computed tomography, computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography. Images may be taken at three different times after the dye is injected, to get the best picture of abnormal areas in the liver. This is called triple-phase CT. A spiral or helical CT scan makes a series of very detailed pictures of areas inside the body using an x-ray machine that scans the body in a spiral path.
  • MRI(magnetic resonance imaging): A procedure that uses a magnet, radio waves, and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, such as the liver. This procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI). To create detailed pictures of blood vessels in and near the liver, dye is injected into a vein. This procedure is called MRA (magnetic resonance angiography). Images may be taken at three different times after the dye is injected, to get the best picture of abnormal areas in the liver. This is called triple-phase MRI.
  • Ultrasound exam: A procedure in which high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) are bounced off internal tissues or organs and make echoes. The echoes form a picture of body tissues called a sonogram. The picture can be printed to be looked at later.
  • Biopsy : The removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer. Procedures used to collect the sample of cells or tissues include the following:
  • Fine-needle aspiration biopsy : The removal of cells, tissue or fluid using a thin needle.
  • Core needle biopsy : The removal of cells or tissue using a slightly wider needle.
  • Laparoscopy : A surgical procedure to look at the organs inside the abdomen to check for signs of disease. Small incisions (cuts) are made in the wall of the abdomen and a laparoscope (a thin, lighted tube) is inserted into one of the incisions. Another instrument is inserted through the same or another incision to remove the tissue samples.

    • A biopsy is not always needed to diagnose adult primary liver cancer.

    Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.

    The prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options depend on the following:

  • The stage of the cancer (the size of the tumor, whether it affects part or all of the liver, or has spread to other places in the body).
  • How well the liver is working.
  • The patient’s general health, including whether there is cirrhosis of the liver.
    • 成人原发性肝癌的治疗(PDQ®)

    成人原发性肝癌的分期

    成人原发性肝癌确诊后，检查主要用于确定癌细胞是否已经在肝脏内或身体的其他部位扩散。

    用于确定癌症是否已经在肝脏内或身体的其他部位扩散的过程称为分期。分期过程中汇集的信息决定了疾病的分期。确定疾病的分期对治疗方案的选择非常重要。下面的检查和项目可用于分期:

  • CT检查：一种从不同角度对胸、腹和骨盆等体内部位生成一系列详细图像的检查。这些照片是由与X光机相连的电脑生成的。可静脉注射或者口服染色剂，以帮助器官或组织显影更清晰。这项检查还被称为计算机断层扫描，计算机化断层显象或计算机轴向断层扫描。
  • 磁共振成像：一种利用电磁、无线电波和电脑生成体内某些区域一系列详细图像的检查。此检查也称为核磁共振成像（MRI）。
  • 正电子发射断层扫描：用于发现体内恶性肿瘤细胞的一种检查。向静脉注射少量的放射性葡萄糖（糖）。PET扫描仪绕身体旋转扫描，生成体内葡萄糖被利用部位的图像。恶性肿瘤细胞比正常细胞更为活跃，摄入更多的葡萄糖，因此在图中亮度更高。

    • 癌在体内有三种扩散途径。

    癌可以通过组织、淋巴系统和血液扩散。

  • 组织。癌从起始部位生长侵犯至邻近区域。
  • 淋巴系统。癌从原发部位进入淋巴系统而扩散。癌细胞经淋巴管扩散至身体其他部位。
  • 血液。癌从原发部位进入血液而扩散。癌细胞经血管而扩散至身体其他部位。

    • 癌可以从原发部位扩散至身体其他部位。

    当癌细胞扩散到身体另一部位时，称为转移。癌细胞可以通过淋巴系统或血液离开其生长的部位（原发肿瘤），迁移至其他部位。

  • 淋巴系统。癌细胞进入淋巴系统，通过淋巴管迁移，在身体另一部位形成肿瘤（转移瘤）。
  • 血液。癌细胞进入血液，通过血管迁移，在身体另一部位形成肿瘤（转移瘤）。

    • 转移瘤与原发肿瘤是同一类型。例如，如果原发性肝癌转移到肺部，肺内的癌细胞实际上是肝癌细胞。肿瘤为转移性肝癌，而非肺癌。

    许多癌症死亡是由肿瘤从原发部位转移到其他组织或器官导致的。这称为转移性癌。此动画显示了癌细胞是如何从原发部位转移到身体其他部位的。

    巴塞罗那临床肝癌分期系统可以用于成人原发性肝癌的分期。

    肝癌有多种分期系统。巴塞罗那临床肝癌分期系统(BCLC)应用广泛，如下所述。此系统基于以下情况用于预测病人的预后和选择治疗方案:

  • 癌细胞是否已经在肝脏内扩散或者扩散到身体的其他部位。
  • 肝功能是否良好。
  • 病人的健康状况。
  • 癌症引起的症状。

    • BCLC分期系统分为5期：

  • 0期：极早期
  • A期：早期
  • B期：中期
  • C期：晚期
  • D期：终末期

    • 根据下列分期组别制定治疗方案。

    BCLC 0，A和B期

    BCLC 0，A和B期的的治疗以根治为目标。

    BCLC C和D期

    BCLC C和D期的治疗以减轻患者因肝癌引起的症状和提高患者生活质量为主。治疗方法已经难以治愈肝癌。

    Adult Primary Liver Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)

    Stages of Adult Primary Liver Cancer

    After adult primary liver cancer has been diagnosed, tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the liver or to other parts of the body.

    The process used to find out if cancer has spread within the liver or to other parts of the body is called staging. The information gathered from the staging process determines the stage of the disease. It is important to know the stage in order to plan treatment. The following tests and procedures may be used in the staging process:

  • CT scan(CAT scan): A procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, such as the chest, abdomen, and pelvis, taken from different angles. The pictures are made by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. A dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly. This procedure is also called computed tomography, computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography.
  • MRI(magnetic resonance imaging): A procedure that uses a magnet, radio waves, and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body. This procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI).
  • PET scan (positron emission tomography scan): A procedure to find malignant tumor cells in the body. A small amount of radioactive glucose (sugar) is injected into a vein. The PET scanner rotates around the body and makes a picture of where glucose is being used in the body. Malignant tumor cells show up brighter in the picture because they are more active and take up more glucose than normal cells do.

    • There are three ways that cancer spreads in the body.

    Cancer can spread through tissue, the lymph system, and the blood:

  • Tissue. The cancer spreads from where it began by growing into nearby areas.
  • Lymph system. The cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the lymph system. The cancer travels through the lymph vessels to other parts of the body.
  • Blood. The cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the blood. The cancer travels through the blood vessels to other parts of the body.

    • Cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the body.

    When cancer spreads to another part of the body, it is called metastasis. Cancer cells break away from where they began (the primary tumor) and travel through the lymph system or blood.

  • Lymph system. The cancer gets into the lymph system, travels through the lymph vessels, and forms a tumor (metastatic tumor) in another part of the body.
  • Blood. The cancer gets into the blood, travels through the blood vessels, and forms a tumor (metastatic tumor) in another part of the body.

    • The metastatic tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor. For example, if primary liver cancer spreads to the lung, the cancer cells in the lung are actually liver cancer cells. The disease is metastatic liver cancer, not lung cancer.

    Many cancer deaths are caused when cancer moves from the original tumor and spreads to other tissues and organs. This is called metastatic cancer. This animation shows how cancer cells travel from the place in the body where they first formed to other parts of the body.

    The Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Staging System may be used to stage adult primary liver cancer.

    There are several staging systems for liver cancer. The Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) Staging System is widely used and is described below. This system is used to predict the patient's chance of recovery and to plan treatment, based on the following:

  • Whether the cancer has spread within the liver or to other parts of the body.
  • How well the liver is working.
  • The general health and wellness of the patient.
  • The symptoms caused by the cancer.

    • The BCLC staging system has five stages:

  • Stage 0: Very early
  • Stage A: Early
  • Stage B: Intermediate
  • Stage C: Advanced
  • Stage D: End-stage

    • The following groups are used to plan treatment.

    BCLC stages 0, A, and B

    Treatment to cure the cancer is given for BCLC stages 0, A, and B.

    BCLC stages C and D

    Treatment to relieve the symptoms caused by liver cancer and improve the patient's quality of life is given for BCLC stages C and D. Treatments are not likely to cure the cancer.

    成人原发性肝癌的治疗(PDQ®)

    复发性成人原发性肝癌

    复发性成人原发性肝癌是指癌症治疗后复发（回来）。癌症可在肝内或身体其他部位复发。

    Adult Primary Liver Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)

    Recurrent Adult Primary Liver Cancer

    Recurrent adult primary liver cancer is cancer that has recurred (come back) after it has been treated. The cancer may come back in the liver or in other parts of the body.

    成人原发性肝癌的治疗(PDQ®)

    治疗方案概述

    对于成人原发性肝癌患者有不同的治疗方法。

    成人原发性肝癌患者有不同的治疗方法。有些治疗是标准治疗(目前应用的治疗方法)，也有些正在进行临床试验。临床试验是旨在帮助改善目前治疗方法或获取关于癌症患者新治疗方法信息的研究。当临床试验表明新治疗方法优于标准疗法时，新的治疗方法可能取代标准疗法。病人可能要考虑是否参加临床试验。一些临床试验只允许尚未开始治疗的患者参加。

    肝癌患者通常由一组肝癌治疗领域的专家进行治疗。

    患者的治疗将由专门致力于癌症治疗的肿瘤科医生负责。肿瘤科医生可将患者转诊至接受过肝癌治疗专门培训的其他医疗专业人员。可能包括以下专业人士:

  • 肝脏病学家(肝病专家)。
  • 肿瘤外科专家。
  • 器官移植外科医师。
  • 放射肿瘤学家。
  • 介入放射科医师(利用影像和尽可能小的切口来诊断和治疗疾病的医师）。
  • 病理学家。

    • 目前使用的有八种标准治疗:

    监测

    对筛查检出的小于1厘米的病变进行监测。通常每三个月随访一次。

    手术

    可行肝部分切除术(将肝脏中癌症发生部位切除的手术)。此手术中，楔形的肝组织、整个肝叶、或更大部分肝连同周围部分正常组织可能被切除。剩余的肝组织可以承担肝的功能，并可再生。

    肝移植

    在肝移植手术中，整个肝脏被切除，并替换为捐献的健康肝脏。当疾病仅局限于肝脏，且可找到捐献的肝源时可进行肝移植。如果病人必须等待肝源的捐献, 则根据需要可进行其他治疗。

    消融治疗

    消融治疗是一种清除或破坏组织的治疗方法。肝癌的消融治疗有几种不同类型:

  • 射频消融术:将特殊针头通过皮肤或通过腹部切口而直接插入肿瘤部位。高能无线电波使针头和肿瘤加热，从而杀死癌细胞。
  • 微波治疗: 使肿瘤暴露于微波所产生的高温的一种治疗方法。此治疗可以损伤并杀死癌细胞，或增加它们对放射线或者某些抗癌药物的敏感性。
  • 经皮无水乙醇注射:利用细针将无水乙醇（纯酒精）直接注入肿瘤以杀死癌细胞的一种癌症治疗方法。
  • 冷冻消融术：利用仪器冷冻并破坏癌细胞的一种治疗。这种治疗也称为冷冻疗法或者冷冻手术。医生可用超声来引导仪器定位。
  • 电穿孔疗法：通过置入肿瘤中的电极片传导电脉冲以杀死癌细胞的一种治疗。电穿孔疗法目前正在进行临床试验研究。

    • 栓塞治疗

    栓塞治疗是利用物质阻断或减少血液通过肝动脉流入肿瘤。当不能获得所需的氧分和营养物质时，肿瘤将不会继续增长。栓塞治疗适用于不能通过手术切除或者不能接受消融治疗，并且肿瘤未扩散至肝外的患者。

    肝脏接收肝门静脉和肝动脉的血液。从肝门静脉进入肝脏的血液通常会流向健康的肝脏组织。而来自肝动脉的血液往往会流向肿瘤组织。采用栓塞疗法栓塞肝动脉后，正常的肝脏组织仍然可以继续接受来自肝门静脉的血液。

    栓塞疗法主要分为两大类：

  • 肝动脉栓塞(TAE):在大腿内侧做一个小切口，然后插入一根导管(细的可弯曲的管)并穿至肝动脉。一旦导管到达预设位置，则注入一种物质阻断肝动脉，从而阻止血液流向肿瘤。
  • 肝动脉化疗栓塞术(TACE): 除加入抗癌药物外，此治疗与TAE类似。治疗过程中，可将抗癌药物附着于被注入到肝动脉的微珠，或将抗癌药物经导管注入肝动脉，随后注入栓塞物。大多数抗癌药物被局限在肿瘤附近，只有少量的药物可到达身体其他部位。这种治疗方法也称为化疗栓塞。

    • 靶向治疗

    靶向治疗是利用药物或其他物质来识别和攻击特定癌细胞而不损伤正常细胞的一种治疗方法。酪氨酸激酶抑制剂是一类用于成人原发性肝癌的靶向治疗药物。

    酪氨酸激酶抑制剂是一类能穿过细胞膜并且在癌细胞内阻断癌细胞生长和分裂所需信号通路的小分子药物。有些酪氨酸激酶抑制剂也有抑制血管生成的效果。索拉非尼、仑伐替尼、瑞戈非尼都是酪氨酸激酶抑制剂。

    更多信息请参见批准用于肝癌的药物。

    免疫治疗

    免疫治疗是利用患者的免疫系统对抗癌症的一种治疗方法。利用体内或实验室制成的物质来增强、引导或恢复机体对癌症的自然防御。这种癌症治疗方法也被称为生物疗法或生物治疗。

    免疫检查点抑制剂治疗是一种免疫疗法。

  • 免疫检查点抑制剂治疗：PD-1是T细胞表面一种蛋白质，有助于控制机体的免疫反应。当PD-1与癌细胞上另一种称为PDL-1的蛋白质结合时，其可阻止T细胞杀死癌细胞。PD-1抑制剂与PDL-1相结合，使T细胞能杀死癌细胞。纳武单抗是一种免疫检查点抑制剂。
    • 免疫检查点抑制剂。检查点蛋白，如肿瘤细胞上的PD-L1和T细胞上的PD-1，有助于控制免疫反应。PD-L1与PD-1的结合可以阻止T细胞杀死体内的癌细胞（左侧）。使用免疫检查点抑制剂（抗PD-L1或抗PD-1）阻断PD-L1与PD-1的结合，使得T细胞可杀死癌细胞（右侧）。
    免疫疗法调动机体的免疫系统对抗癌症。该动画展示了利用免疫检查点抑制剂治疗癌症的一种免疫治疗方法。

    更多信息请参见批准用于肝癌的药物。

    放射治疗

    放射治疗是一种利用高能x射线或其他类型的射线杀死癌细胞或阻止其生长的癌症治疗方法。放射治疗分为两种：

  • 外放射治疗指使用体外仪器将射线发送至癌症部位。某些放射治疗方法可避免射线损伤邻近的健康组织。这些外放射治疗包括以下几类:
  • 适形放射治疗: 适形放射治疗是一种外放射治疗，其利用电脑生成肿瘤的三维（3-D）图像，并根据肿瘤形状来调整射线束。这使得高剂量的辐射能够到达肿瘤，同时对邻近的健康组织造成更小的损害。
  • 立体定向放射治疗:立体定向放射治疗是一种外放射治疗。在每次治疗中，都利用特殊的设备使患者保持固定摆位。放射治疗机器将对肿瘤部位进行大于通常剂量的照射，每日一次，持续几天。通过在每次治疗过程中使患者保持同一摆位，可以减轻对周围正常组织的损伤。这种治疗方法也被称为立体定向外照射治疗或立体定向放射疗法。
  • 质子束放射治疗: 质子束放射治疗是一类高能量的外放射治疗。放疗机将质子(很小、不可见、带正电荷粒子)流作用于癌细胞将其杀死。这种治疗方法对邻近健康组织伤害较小。 
  • 内部放射治疗将放射性物质密封于针、粒子、线或导管，后者直接被置于肿瘤内部或肿瘤周围。 

    • 放疗的方式取决于癌症的类型和分期。外照射治疗被用于成人原发性肝癌的治疗。

    新型的治疗方法正在进行临床试验。

    关于临床试验的信息可以从NCI网站获取。

    成人原发性肝癌的治疗可能会产生副作用。

    有关癌症治疗副作用的信息，请参阅副作用的页面。

    病人可能要考虑是否参加临床试验。

    对某些患者来说，参加临床试验可能是最好的治疗选择。临床试验是癌症研究过程的一部分。开展临床试验的目的是为了确定新的治疗方法是否安全和有效，或者是否优于标准治疗方法。

    目前许多癌症的标准治疗方法是基于早期的临床试验。参加临床试验的患者可能接受标准治疗，也可能成为首批接受新治疗的患者。

    参加临床试验的患者也能帮助改进未来的癌症治疗方式。即使临床试验并未带来有效的新疗法，但它们往往可以回答一些重要问题，并有助于推动研究向前发展。

    患者可在癌症治疗前、治疗期间、治疗后加入临床试验。

    某些临床试验只纳入尚未接受治疗的患者。其他试验则对那些治疗后无好转的患者进行新治疗方法进行评估。也有一些试验目的是评估可阻止癌症复发或降低癌症治疗副作用的新方法。

    美国国内很多地区都在进行临床试验。关于NCI支持的临床试验信息，可在NCI临床试验的搜索网页上找到。其他组织支持的临床试验可ClinicalTrials.gov网站上找到。

    可能需进行随访检查。

    一些用于癌症诊断或癌症分期的检测可能需要重复。重复某些检测是为了观察治疗效果。是否继续、改变或停止治疗的决定可能取决于这些检测的结果。

    有些测试在治疗结束后仍会继续进行。这些检测的结果可显示病情是否发生改变或癌症是否复发(回来)。这些检查有时被称为随访检测或后续检测。

    Adult Primary Liver Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)

    Treatment Option Overview

    There are different types of treatment for patients with adult primary liver cancer.

    Different types of treatments are available for patients with adult primary liver cancer. Some treatments are standard (the currently used treatment), and some are being tested in clinical trials. A treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer. When clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment, the new treatment may become the standard treatment. Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.

    Patients with liver cancer are treated by a team of specialists who are experts in treating liver cancer.

    The patient's treatment will be overseen by a medical oncologist, a doctor who specializes in treating people with cancer. The medical oncologist may refer the patient to other health professionals who have special training in treating patients with liver cancer. These may include the following specialists:

  • Hepatologist (specialist in liver disease).
  • Surgical oncologist.
  • Transplant surgeon.
  • Radiation oncologist.
  • Interventional radiologist (a specialist who diagnoses and treats diseases using imaging and the smallest incisions possible).
  • Pathologist.

    • Eight types of standard treatment are used:

    Surveillance

    Surveillance for lesions smaller than 1 centimeter found during screening. Follow-up every three months is common.

    Surgery

    A partial hepatectomy (surgery to remove the part of the liver where cancer is found) may be done. A wedge of tissue, an entire lobe, or a larger part of the liver, along with some of the healthy tissue around it is removed. The remaining liver tissue takes over the functions of the liver and may regrow.

    Liver transplant

    In a liver transplant, the entire liver is removed and replaced with a healthy donated liver. A liver transplant may be done when the disease is in the liver only and a donated liver can be found. If the patient has to wait for a donated liver, other treatment is given as needed.

    Ablation therapy

    Ablation therapy removes or destroys tissue. Different types of ablation therapy are used for liver cancer:

  • Radiofrequency ablation: The use of special needles that are inserted directly through the skin or through an incision in the abdomen to reach the tumor. High-energy radio waves heat the needles and tumor which kills cancer cells.
  • Microwave therapy: A type of treatment in which the tumor is exposed to high temperatures created by microwaves. This can damage and kill cancer cells or make them more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs.
  • Percutaneous ethanol injection: A cancer treatment in which a small needle is used to inject ethanol (pure alcohol) directly into a tumor to kill cancer cells. Several treatments may be needed. Usually local anesthesia is used, but if the patient has many tumors in the liver, general anesthesia may be used.
  • Cryoablation: A treatment that uses an instrument to freeze and destroy cancer cells. This type of treatment is also called cryotherapy and cryosurgery. The doctor may use ultrasound to guide the instrument.
  • Electroporation therapy: A treatment that sends electrical pulses through an electrode placed in a tumor to kill cancer cells. Electroporation therapy is being studied in clinical trials.

    • Embolization therapy

    Embolization therapy is the use of substances to block or decrease the flow of blood through the hepatic artery to the tumor. When the tumor does not get the oxygen and nutrients it needs, it will not continue to grow. Embolization therapy is used for patients who cannot have surgery to remove the tumor or ablation therapy and whose tumor has not spread outside the liver.

    The liver receives blood from the hepatic portal vein and the hepatic artery. Blood that comes into the liver from the hepatic portal vein usually goes to the healthy liver tissue. Blood that comes from the hepatic artery usually goes to the tumor. When the hepatic artery is blocked during embolization therapy, the healthy liver tissue continues to receive blood from the hepatic portal vein.

    There are two main types of embolization therapy:

  • Transarterial embolization (TAE): A small incision (cut) is made in the inner thigh and a catheter (thin, flexible tube) is inserted and threaded up into the hepatic artery. Once the catheter is in place, a substance that blocks the hepatic artery and stops blood flow to the tumor is injected.
  • Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE): This procedure is like TAE except an anticancer drug is also given. The procedure can be done by attaching the anticancer drug to small beads that are injected into the hepatic artery or by injecting the anticancer drug through the catheter into the hepatic artery and then injecting the substance to block the hepatic artery. Most of the anticancer drug is trapped near the tumor and only a small amount of the drug reaches other parts of the body. This type of treatment is also called chemoembolization.

    • Targeted therapy

    Targeted therapy is a treatment that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors are a type of targeted therapy used in the treatment of adult primary liver cancer.

    Tyrosine kinase inhibitors are small-molecule drugs that go through the cell membrane and work inside cancer cells to block signals that cancer cells need to grow and divide. Some tyrosine kinase inhibitors also have angiogenesis inhibitor effects. Sorafenib, lenvatinib, and regorafenib are types of tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

    See Drugs Approved for Liver Cancer for more information.

    Immunotherapy

    Immunotherapy is a treatment that uses the patient's immune system to fight cancer. Substances made by the body or made in a laboratory are used to boost, direct, or restore the body's natural defenses against cancer. This type of cancer treatment is also called biotherapy or biologic therapy.

    Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy is a type of immunotherapy.

  • Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: PD-1 is a protein on the surface of T cells that helps keep the body’s immune responses in check. When PD-1 attaches to another protein called PDL-1 on a cancer cell, it stops the T cell from killing the cancer cell. PD-1 inhibitors attach to PDL-1 and allow the T cells to kill cancer cells. Nivolumab is a type of immune checkpoint inhibitor.
    • Immune checkpoint inhibitor. Checkpoint proteins, such as PD-L1 on tumor cells and PD-1 on T cells, help keep immune responses in check. The binding of PD-L1 to PD-1 keeps T cells from killing tumor cells in the body (left panel). Blocking the binding of PD-L1 to PD-1 with an immune checkpoint inhibitor (anti-PD-L1 or anti-PD-1) allows the T cells to kill tumor cells (right panel).
    Immunotherapy uses the body’s immune system to fight cancer. This animation explains one type of immunotherapy that uses immune checkpoint inhibitors to treat cancer.

    See Drugs Approved for Liver Cancer for more information.

    Radiation therapy

    Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing. There are two types of radiation therapy:

  • External radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer. Certain ways of giving radiation therapy can help keep radiation from damaging nearby healthy tissue. These types of external radiation therapy include the following:
  • Conformal radiation therapy: Conformal radiation therapy is a type of external radiation therapy that uses a computer to make a 3-dimensional (3-D) picture of the tumor and shapes the radiation beams to fit the tumor. This allows a high dose of radiation to reach the tumor and causes less damage to nearby healthy tissue.
  • Stereotactic body radiation therapy: Stereotactic body radiation therapy is a type of external radiation therapy. Special equipment is used to place the patient in the same position for each radiation treatment. Once a day for several days, a radiation machine aims a larger than usual dose of radiation directly at the tumor. By having the patient in the same position for each treatment, there is less damage to nearby healthy tissue. This procedure is also called stereotactic external-beam radiation therapy and stereotaxic radiation therapy.
  • Proton beam radiation therapy: Proton-beam therapy is a type of high-energy, external radiation therapy. A radiation therapy machine aims streams of protons (tiny, invisible, positively-charged particles) at the cancer cells to kill them. This type of treatment causes less damage to nearby healthy tissue.
  • Internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer.

    • The way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated. External radiation therapy is used to treat adult primary liver cancer.

    New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials.

    Information about clinical trials is available from the NCI website.

    Treatment for adult primary liver cancer may cause side effects.

    For information about side effects caused by treatment for cancer, see our Side Effects page.

    Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial.

    For some patients, taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice. Clinical trials are part of the cancer research process. Clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment.

    Many of today's standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials. Patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment.

    Patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future. Even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments, they often answer important questions and help move research forward.

    Patients can enter clinical trials before, during, or after starting their cancer treatment.

    Some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment. Other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better. There are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring (coming back) or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment.

    Clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country. Information about clinical trials supported by NCI can be found on NCI’s clinical trials search webpage. Clinical trials supported by other organizations can be found on the ClinicalTrials.gov website.

    Follow-up tests may be needed.

    Some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated. Some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working. Decisions about whether to continue, change, or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests.

    Some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended. The results of these tests can show if your condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred (come back). These tests are sometimes called follow-up tests or check-ups.

    成人原发性肝癌的治疗(PDQ®)

    成人原发性肝癌的治疗方案选择

    有关下列治疗方法的信息，请参阅治疗选项概述部分

    0期、A期和B期成人原发性肝癌

    0期、A期和B期成人原发性肝癌的治疗包括以下方法：

  • 监测小于1厘米的病变。
  • 肝部分切除术。
  • 全肝切除及肝移植。
  • 肿瘤消融可使用下列方法之一:
  • 射频消融。
  • 微波消融。
  • 经皮酒精注射。
  • 冷冻消融。
  • 电穿孔治疗的临床试验。

    • 利用临床试验搜索工具来查找正在招募患者的NCI临床试验。也可根据癌症类型、患者年龄和试验地点来进行搜索。可获得关于临床试验的一般信息。

    C期、和D期成人原发性肝癌

    C期和D期成人原发性肝癌的治疗包括以下方法：

  • 栓塞治疗使用下列方法之一:
  • 肝动脉栓塞(TAE)。
  • 肝动脉化疗栓塞术(TACE)。
  • 酪氨酸激酶抑制剂靶向治疗。
  • 免疫治疗。
  • 放射治疗。
  • 化疗栓塞后靶向治疗或化疗联合靶向治疗的临床试验。
  • 新靶向治疗药物的临床试验。
  • 免疫治疗的临床试验。
  • 免疫治疗联合靶向治疗的临床试验。
  • 立体定向放疗或质子束放疗的临床试验。

    • 利用临床试验检索工具来查找正在招募患者的NCI临床试验。也可根据癌症类型、患者年龄和试验地点来进行搜索。可获得关于临床试验的一般信息。

    Adult Primary Liver Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)

    Treatment Options for Adult Primary Liver Cancer

    For information about the treatments listed below, see the Treatment Option Overview section.

    Stages 0, A, and B Adult Primary Liver Cancer

    Treatment of stages 0, A, and B adult primary liver cancer may include the following:

  • Surveillance for lesions smaller than 1 centimeter.
  • Partial hepatectomy.
  • Total hepatectomy and liver transplant.
  • Ablation of the tumor using one of the following methods:
  • Radiofrequency ablation.
  • Microwave therapy.
  • Percutaneous ethanol injection.
  • Cryoablation.
  • A clinical trial of electroporation therapy.

    • Use our clinical trial search to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. General information about clinical trials is also available.

    Stages C and D Adult Primary Liver Cancer

    Treatment of stages C and D adult primary liver cancer may include the following:

  • Embolization therapy using one of the following methods:
  • Transarterial embolization (TAE).
  • Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE).
  • Targeted therapy with a tyrosine kinase inhibitor.
  • Immunotherapy.
  • Radiation therapy.
  • A clinical trial of targeted therapy after chemoembolization or combined with chemotherapy.
  • A clinical trial of new targeted therapy drugs.
  • A clinical trial of immunotherapy.
  • A clinical trial of immunotherapy combined with targeted therapy.
  • A clinical trial of stereotactic body radiation therapy or proton-beam radiation therapy.

    • Use our clinical trial search to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. General information about clinical trials is also available.

    成人原发性肝癌的治疗(PDQ®)

    复发性成人原发性肝癌的治疗

    有关以下列出的治疗方法的信息，请参阅治疗方案概述部分。

    复发性成人原发性肝癌的治疗包括以下方法：

  • 全肝切除及肝移植。
  • 肝部分切除术。
  • 消融治疗
  • 经动脉化疗栓塞和索拉非尼靶向治疗，以及以缓解症状和提高生活质量为目的的姑息治疗。
  • 新治疗方法的临床试验。

    • 利用临床试验检索工具来查找正在招募患者的NCI临床试验。也可根据癌症类型、患者年龄和试验地点来进行搜索。可获得关于临床试验的一般信息。

    Adult Primary Liver Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)

    Treatment of Recurrent Adult Primary Liver Cancer

    For information about the treatments listed below, see the Treatment Option Overview section.

    Treatment options for recurrent adult primary liver cancer may include the following:

  • Total hepatectomy and liver transplant.
  • Partial hepatectomy.
  • Ablation
  • Transarterial chemoembolization and targeted therapy with sorafenib, as palliative therapy to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life.
  • A clinical trial of a new treatment.

    • Use our clinical trial search to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. General information about clinical trials is also available.

    成人原发性肝癌的治疗(PDQ®)

    进一步了解成人原发性肝癌

    更多关于NCI成人原发性肝癌的信息，请参阅以下内容:

  • 肝脏和胆管癌主页
  • 肝（肝细胞）癌的预防
  • 肝（肝细胞）癌的筛查
  • 癌症的冷冻治疗
  • 批准用于肝癌的药物
  • 癌症的靶向治疗

    • 关于NCI癌症一般信息及其他资源，请参见:

  • 关于癌症
  • 分期
  • 化疗与你:对癌症患者的支持
  • 放疗与你:对癌症患者的支持
  • 积极应对癌症
  • 需要向你的医生咨询的癌症相关问题
  • 幸存者和照顾者相关
    • Adult Primary Liver Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)

    To Learn More About Adult Primary Liver Cancer

    For more information from the National Cancer Institute about adult primary liver cancer, see the following:

  • Liver and Bile Duct Cancer Home Page
  • Liver (Hepatocellular) Cancer Prevention
  • Liver (Hepatocellular) Cancer Screening
  • Cryosurgery in Cancer Treatment
  • Drugs Approved for Liver Cancer
  • Targeted Cancer Therapies

    • For general cancer information and other resources from the National Cancer Institute, see the following:

  • About Cancer
  • Staging
  • Chemotherapy and You: Support for People With Cancer
  • Radiation Therapy and You: Support for People With Cancer
  • Coping with Cancer
  • Questions to Ask Your Doctor about Cancer
  • For Survivors and Caregivers
    • 成人原发性肝癌的治疗(PDQ®)

    About This PDQ Summary

    About PDQ

    Physician Data Query (PDQ) is the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) comprehensive cancer information database. The PDQ database contains summaries of the latest published information on cancer prevention, detection, genetics, treatment, supportive care, and complementary and alternative medicine. Most summaries come in two versions. The health professional versions have detailed information written in technical language. The patient versions are written in easy-to-understand, nontechnical language. Both versions have cancer information that is accurate and up to date and most versions are also available in Spanish.

    PDQ is a service of the NCI. The NCI is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). NIH is the federal government’s center of biomedical research. The PDQ summaries are based on an independent review of the medical literature. They are not policy statements of the NCI or the NIH.

    Purpose of This Summary

    This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about the treatment of adult primary liver cancer. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.

    Reviewers and Updates

    Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Updated") is the date of the most recent change.

    The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board.

    Clinical Trial Information

    A clinical trial is a study to answer a scientific question, such as whether one treatment is better than another. Trials are based on past studies and what has been learned in the laboratory. Each trial answers certain scientific questions in order to find new and better ways to help cancer patients. During treatment clinical trials, information is collected about the effects of a new treatment and how well it works. If a clinical trial shows that a new treatment is better than one currently being used, the new treatment may become "standard." Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.

    Clinical trials can be found online at NCI's website. For more information, call the Cancer Information Service (CIS), NCI's contact center, at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).

    Permission to Use This Summary

    PDQ is a registered trademark. The content of PDQ documents can be used freely as text. It cannot be identified as an NCI PDQ cancer information summary unless the whole summary is shown and it is updated regularly. However, a user would be allowed to write a sentence such as “NCI’s PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks in the following way: [include excerpt from the summary].”

    The best way to cite this PDQ summary is:

    PDQ® Adult Treatment Editorial Board. PDQ Adult Primary Liver Cancer Treatment. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Updated . Available at: https://www.cancer.gov/types/liver/patient/adult-liver-treatment-pdq. Accessed . [PMID: 26389251]

    Images in this summary are used with permission of the author(s), artist, and/or publisher for use in the PDQ summaries only. If you want to use an image from a PDQ summary and you are not using the whole summary, you must get permission from the owner. It cannot be given by the National Cancer Institute. Information about using the images in this summary, along with many other images related to cancer can be found in Visuals Online. Visuals Online is a collection of more than 3,000 scientific images.

    Disclaimer

    The information in these summaries should not be used to make decisions about insurance reimbursement. More information on insurance coverage is available on Cancer.gov on the Managing Cancer Care page.

    Contact Us

    More information about contacting us or receiving help with the Cancer.gov website can be found on our Contact Us for Help page. Questions can also be submitted to Cancer.gov through the website’s E-mail Us.

    Adult Primary Liver Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)

    About This PDQ Summary

    About PDQ

    Physician Data Query (PDQ) is the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) comprehensive cancer information database. The PDQ database contains summaries of the latest published information on cancer prevention, detection, genetics, treatment, supportive care, and complementary and alternative medicine. Most summaries come in two versions. The health professional versions have detailed information written in technical language. The patient versions are written in easy-to-understand, nontechnical language. Both versions have cancer information that is accurate and up to date and most versions are also available in Spanish.

    PDQ is a service of the NCI. The NCI is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). NIH is the federal government’s center of biomedical research. The PDQ summaries are based on an independent review of the medical literature. They are not policy statements of the NCI or the NIH.

    Purpose of This Summary

    This PDQ cancer information summary has current information about the treatment of adult primary liver cancer. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about health care.

    Reviewers and Updates

    Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and keep them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Updated") is the date of the most recent change.

    The information in this patient summary was taken from the health professional version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board.

    Clinical Trial Information

    A clinical trial is a study to answer a scientific question, such as whether one treatment is better than another. Trials are based on past studies and what has been learned in the laboratory. Each trial answers certain scientific questions in order to find new and better ways to help cancer patients. During treatment clinical trials, information is collected about the effects of a new treatment and how well it works. If a clinical trial shows that a new treatment is better than one currently being used, the new treatment may become "standard." Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.

    Clinical trials can be found online at NCI's website. For more information, call the Cancer Information Service (CIS), NCI's contact center, at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).

    Permission to Use This Summary

    PDQ is a registered trademark. The content of PDQ documents can be used freely as text. It cannot be identified as an NCI PDQ cancer information summary unless the whole summary is shown and it is updated regularly. However, a user would be allowed to write a sentence such as “NCI’s PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks in the following way: [include excerpt from the summary].”

    The best way to cite this PDQ summary is:

    PDQ® Adult Treatment Editorial Board. PDQ Adult Primary Liver Cancer Treatment. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Updated . Available at: https://www.cancer.gov/types/liver/patient/adult-liver-treatment-pdq. Accessed . [PMID: 26389251]

    Images in this summary are used with permission of the author(s), artist, and/or publisher for use in the PDQ summaries only. If you want to use an image from a PDQ summary and you are not using the whole summary, you must get permission from the owner. It cannot be given by the National Cancer Institute. Information about using the images in this summary, along with many other images related to cancer can be found in Visuals Online. Visuals Online is a collection of more than 3,000 scientific images.

    Disclaimer

    The information in these summaries should not be used to make decisions about insurance reimbursement. More information on insurance coverage is available on Cancer.gov on the Managing Cancer Care page.

    Contact Us

    More information about contacting us or receiving help with the Cancer.gov website can be found on our Contact Us for Help page. Questions can also be submitted to Cancer.gov through the website’s E-mail Us.

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    目录
    章 节
    成人原发性肝癌的一般信息 成人原发性肝癌的分期 复发性成人原发性肝癌 治疗方案概述 成人原发性肝癌的治疗方案选择 复发性成人原发性肝癌的治疗 进一步了解成人原发性肝癌 About This PDQ Summary
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